Action Research is a methodology whereby the potential beneficiaries of a program or project collaborate with the research consultants in the identification and possible solution of issues, and work closely with them to turn proposals into action, followed by a cycle of reflection, learning, new propositions and actions

A needs assessment is a study of the needs of a specific group at any given time, in relation to what that group requires. It establishes the discrepancy between the needs and the current situation and investigates ways in which these needs could be met.

A situational analysis is a study of a specific problem, issue, program, or organisation at any given time. The purpose is to understand the context, dynamics, and stakeholder involvement to plan for a purposeful strategy or intervention. A SWOT analysis (i.e., strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) often forms part of a situational analysis.

A scoping study involves a synthesis and analysis of research (including a literature review) and other sources of evidence to provide a general understanding about a specific topic or issue.

Data handling and analysis refers to how quantitative and qualitative information collected for a specific purpose can be collected, categorised, analysed, displayed and disseminated.